LIST OF PATENTEES
TO WHOM
PATENTS WERE ISSUED ON THE 3rd DAY OF January, 2006
NOTE--Arranged in accordance with the first significant character or word of the name
(in accordance with city and telephone directory practice).

J. Morita Manufacturing Corporation: See--
Okawa, Shinichi; Matoba, Kazunari; Kobayashi, Chihiro; and Yoshioka, Takatomo 06981868 Cl. 433-81.
J.A. Woollam Co. INC: See--
Woollam, John A.; Green, Steven E.; He, Ping; Johs, Blaine D.; Herzinger, Craig M.; Pfeiffer, Galen L.; Guenther, Brian D.; and Liphardt, Martin M. 06982792 Cl. 356-369.
J.A. Woollam Co. Inc.: See--
Meyer, Duane E. 06982789 Cl. 356-331.
J.D. Mueller Company, LLC: See--
Davidson, Jeffery C. 06981946 Cl. 600-405.
Jabri, Mohammd Y. Decorative paint roller and method to use 06981815 Cl. 401-218.
Jackson, John: See--
Danby, Gordon; Jackson, John; Damadian, Raymond; Wahl, William H.; and Tenore, Anthony 06982620 Cl. 335-299.
Jackson, Melvin Robert: See--
Budinger, David Edwin; Tholke, Brent Ross; Miller, Matthew Nicklus; Grossklaus, Jr., Warren Davis; Miller, Joshua Leigh; and Jackson, Melvin Robert 06982123 Cl. 428-680.
Liang, Jiang; Jackson, Melvin Robert; Mukira, Charles Gitahi; and Gorman, Mark Daniel 06982059 Cl. 420-467.
Jacobs, Alexander Antonius Maria: See--
Young, Henry; Randolph, Ord Allen; Hamilton, Alan R.; and Jacobs, Alexander Antonius Maria 06981386 Cl. 62-296.
Jacobson, Evert: See--
Visser, Richard G. F.; Raemakers, Christiann J. J.; Jacobson, Evert; and Bergervoet van Deelan, Johanna E. M. 06982327 Cl. 536-45.
Jacobson, James D.; to Baxter International, Inc. Method for fabricating three dimensional structures 06982058 Cl. 264-400.
Jaecks, Howard K.: See--
Rodgers, James L.; Coulthard, John J.; Fowler, Billy C.; Jaecks, Howard K.; Lastinger, Roc A.; Picard, Paul A.; and Rehman, Mohammad A. 06982646 Cl. 340-572.7.
Jaeger, Mark H.; Hiniker, Thomas K.; and Lundgreen, Michael W., to Novonix Corporation Electronic control for heating apparatus 06981649 Cl. 236-3.
Jaehne, Gerhard; Krone, Volker; Bickel, Martin; and G ssel, Matthias, to Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH C2-disubstituted indan-1-ol compounds, their derivatives, processes for their preparation, and their use as pharmaceuticals 06982353 Cl. 568-38.
Jaffe, Steven T.: See--
Shen, Ba-Zhong; Cameron, Kelly B.; and Jaffe, Steven T. 06982659 Cl. 341-50.
Jäger, Karl-Erich: See--
Reetz, Manfred T.; Kühling, Klaus; Mehlhorn, Heinz; and Jäger, Karl-Erich 06982247 Cl. 514-2.
Jain, Avinash; and Holtzman, Jack M., to Qualcomm Incorporated Method and apparatus for congestion control in a wireless communication system 06983153 Cl. 455-453.
Jain, Namit: See--
Sinha, Bipul; Jain, Namit; Ganesh, Amit; Johnson, Archna Kalra; and Vemuri, Srinivas 06983286 Cl. 707-102.
Jain, Pradeep: See--
Karande, Seema V.; Hazlitt, Lonnie G.; Jain, Pradeep; Koch, Kaelyn; Lai, Shih-Yaw; and Tau, Li-Min 06982311 Cl. 526-348.1.
Jaker, Stephen Paul: See--
Mure, Cliff Robert; St. Jean, Guylaine; Jaker, Stephen Paul; Jorgensen, Robert J.; and Breetz, Karen 06982304 Cl. 526-106.
Jakob, Robert: See--
Frommelt, Markus; and Jakob, Robert 06981474 Cl. 123-46R.
Jakobs, Andreas; to Infineon Technologies, AG Memory module having a plurality of integrated memory components 06982893 Cl. 365-63.
Jamil, Sujat; Nguyen, Hang; Edirisooriya, Samantha J.; Miner, David E.; O'Bleness, R. Frank; and Tu, Steven J., to Intel Corporation Methods and apparatus for cache intervention 06983348 Cl. 711-146.
Jamiolkowski, Dennis D.: See--
Huxel, Shawn Thayer; Datta, Arindam; Li, Yufu; Jamiolkowski, Dennis D.; and Skula, Emil Richard 06981987 Cl. 623-1.22.
Jamiolkowski, Dennis D.; and Slater-Tomko, Andrea, to Ethicon, Inc. Implantable surgical mesh having a lubricious coating 06981944 Cl. 600-30.
Jamison, Paul C.: See--
Cabral, Jr., Cyril; Callegari, Alessandro C.; Gribelyuk, Michael A.; Jamison, Paul C.; Lacey, Dianne L.; McFeely, Fenton R.; Narayanan, Vijay; Neumayer, Deborah A.; Ranade, Pushkar; and Zafar, Sufi 06982230 Cl. 438-778.
Jan, Deng-Yang; Moscoso, Jaime G.; Lewis, Gregory J.; Gatter, Michael G.; Mezza, Beckay J.; and Koster, Susan C., to UOP LLC High silica zeolites: UZM-5HS 06982074 Cl. 423-713.
Jandy Pool Products, Inc.: See--
Uy, Dindo; and Owenson, Peter 06981650 Cl. 236-21B.
Jang, Hong Suk: See--
Kim, Yunsoo; Kim, Chang Gyoun; Chung, Taek-Mo; Lee, Sun Sook; An, Ki-Seok; Yang, Taek Seung; and Jang, Hong Suk 06982341 Cl. 556-113.
Jang, Hoon; and Lim, Keun Hyuk, to DongbuAnam Semiconductor, Inc. Methods of making shallow trench-type pixels for CMOS image sensors 06982187 Cl. 438-75.
Janiszewski, Grzegorz; and Holmström, Jan Christian, to AB Volvo Vehicle differential 06981929 Cl. 475-230.
Janocha, Bernd: See--
Bourget, Jacques; Perrin, Marc Antoine; Mignani, Serge; Janocha, Bernd; Cheve, Michel; Neves, Carole; Billot, Pascal; Tabart, Michel; and Lafont, Sylvaine 06982334 Cl. 546-174.
Janofsky, Eric: See--
Lo, William; Guo, Yiqing; Tsui, Tak; Leung, Tsin-Ho; He, Runsheng; and Janofsky, Eric 06982557 Cl. 324-539.
Janome Sewing Machine Co., Ltd.: See--
Ebata, Yoshikazu; and Takahashi, Masayoshi 06981458 Cl. 112-122.
Janoschka, Darin M.; Beafore, John L.; and Peavy, Anthony W., to EMS Technologies, Inc. Antenna tower and support structure therefor 06982680 Cl. 343-878.
Jansen, Robert: See--
Atkinson, Leon; Jansen, Robert; Johnson, R. Patrick; Park, Ryan E.; and Thompson, Bruce H. 06981356 Cl. 53-412.
Janssen, Holger; Louie, Gary; Dury, James; and Wong, Sean, to VTech Telecommunications Limited Telephone base unit having dynamically configurable software 06983144 Cl. 455-426.1.
Janssen, Jeffrey R.; and Moszer, Michael J., to 3M Innovative Properties Company Color-matching article 06982108 Cl. 428-42.1.
Japan Research Institute, Limited, The: See--
Ikuma, Hitoshi; and Inoue, Makoto 06981379 Cl. 60-706.
Japan Science & Technology Agency: See--
Kosaka, Kouji 06982535 Cl. 318-575.
Japan Sciences and Technology Corporation: See--
Ikeda, Johe; and Sakai, Harumi 06982322 Cl. 530-388.1.
Jaques, Paul S.: See--
Håheim, Svein; Jaques, Paul S.; Jones, Robert Hughes; and Wason, Will 06981550 Cl. 166-250.11.
Jaquette, Glen Alan; to International Business Machines Corporation Tamper resistant write once recording of a data storage cartridge having rewritable media 06982846 Cl. 360-69.
Jaskowiak, Timothy R.; Herley, James A.; and Price, Linda Gail, to Xerox Corporation Thin walled fuser roll with stress redirected from axial to radial direction 06983118 Cl. 399-330.
Jaugilas, Victor: See--
Korinek, Richard; Jaugilas, Victor; and Walls, William G. 06981907 Cl. 451-5.
Jayanti, Harish; and Anderson, Christopher W., to Microsoft Corporation Database build for web delivery 06983287 Cl. 707-102.
Jayaraman, Saikumar: See--
Chrysler, Gregory M.; Koning, Paul A.; Jayaraman, Saikumar; and Hussein, Makarem A. 06981380 Cl. 62-3.2.
Jayaraman, Srikant: See--
Smee, John E.; Fernandez-Corbaton, Ivan Jesus; and Jayaraman, Srikant 06983125 Cl. 455-63.1.
Jayasekara, Wipul Pemsiri: See--
Church, Mark A.; Jayasekara, Wipul Pemsiri; and Zolla, Howard Gordon 06982042 Cl. 216-22.
Jaynes, Harry M. Temperature corrected tire pressure gauge and method 06983209 Cl. 702-50.
JDS Uniphase Inc.: See--
Weber, John; Zhu, Xiang; and Woodside, Shane H. 06983090 Cl. 385-27.
Jean, Alain: See--
Rougeot, Henri M.; Jean, Alain; Mani, Habib; and Shukri, Ziad Aziz 06982425 Cl. 250-370.14.
Jeddeloh, Joseph M.: See--
Lee, Terry R.; and Jeddeloh, Joseph M. 06982892 Cl. 365-63.
Jeddeloh, Joseph M.; to Micron Technology, Inc. Memory device sequencer and method supporting multiple memory device clock speeds 06983354 Cl. 711-167.
Jeffers, Michael: See--
Lichenstein, Henry; and Jeffers, Michael 06982250 Cl. 514-12.
Jellico, Kenneth A.: See--
Dubinins, Dmitrijs V.; and Jellico, Kenneth A. 06981471 Cl. 119-710.
Jenkins, David R.; to Radiant Imaging, Inc. Multi-point calibration method for imaging light and color measurement device 06982744 Cl. 348-189.
Jenkins, Howard Gimbled scanning identification device 06983033 Cl. 377-6.
Jenkins, Jr., John Allen; to Bacou-Dalloz USA Safety, Inc. Core stiffened earplug 06981504 Cl. 128-864.
Jens, Klaus Joachim; Follestad, Arild; Fredriksen, Siw Bodil; Blom, Richard; and Dahl, Ivar Martin, to Borealis Technology Oy Supported catalyst 06982238 Cl. 502-155.
Jensen, Dale S.; and Durrant, Edward E. Device for improved removal of liquid from fabric 06981338 Cl. 34-92.
Jensen, Donald R.: See--
Lee, Chien; and Jensen, Donald R. 06982861 Cl. 361-223.
Jensen, Michael D.: See--
Martin, Joel L.; Jensen, Michael D.; and McDaniel, Max P. 06982306 Cl. 526-166.
Jeon, Heung Bae: See--
Posner, Gary; Kahraman, Mehmet; Jeon, Heung Bae; White, Jay A.; Jones, Glenville; and Halford, Bethany 06982258 Cl. 514-167.
Jeon, In Gyun; Kim, Kwang Soo; and Han, Jin Su, to DongbuAnam Semiconductor Inc. CMOS image sensor and method for manufacturing the same 06982186 Cl. 438-73.
Jeong, Mun-Mo; Lee, Chang-Huhn; and Yoshida, Makoto, to Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Bitline of semiconductor device having stud type capping layer and method for fabricating the same 06982199 Cl. 438-253.
Jeong, Yeong-Ok: See--
Lee, Ta-Kyeong; Lee, Ki-Yeong; and Jeong, Yeong-Ok 06981296 Cl. 16-330.
Jerdonek, Robert A.; to Arcot Systems, Inc. Methods for pre-authentication of users using one-time passwords 06983381 Cl. 713-201.
Jesus De La Fuente, Maria: See--
Henry, Manus P.; and Jesus De La Fuente, Maria 06981424 Cl. 73-861.356.
Jetta Company Limited: See--
Wong, Sul Kay 06981318 Cl. 29-846.
Ji, Gueijun: See--
Burgoyne, David L.; Ji, Gueijun; Kelleher, Eugene W.; Paschalides, Nicholas D.; Ramachandran, Kishore; Shen, Yaping; and Zhou, Yuanlin 06982329 Cl. 540-31.
Jian, Benjamin B.; to Arrayed Fiberoptics Corporation Vertically integrated optical devices coupled to optical fibers 06981804 Cl. 385-88.
Jiang, Shibin; Kaneda, Yushi; Speigelberg, Christine; and Luo, Tao, to NP Photonics, Inc. Single-frequency narrow linewidth 1μm fiber laser 06982997 Cl. 372-6.
Jiang, Tongbi: See--
Cobbley, Chad A.; VanNortwick, John; Street, Bret K.; and Jiang, Tongbi 06982177 Cl. 438-15.
Jiao, Guofang: See--
Shao, Pingping; Zhang, Jianbo; Jiao, Guofang; Yu, Chun; Zhang, Linglan; and Zheng, Jinshan 06982713 Cl. 345-422.
Jikutani, Naoto; Takahashi, Takashi; and Sato, Shunichi, to Ricoh Company, Ltd. Laser diode and semiconductor light-emitting device producing visible-wavelength radiation 06983004 Cl. 372-46.
Jimenez Felstrom, Alberto; and Rasmusson, Jim, to Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (publ) Weighted spectral distance calculator 06983245 Cl. 704-238.
Jin, Jane Jiaying: See--
Zhang, Shujin; Xu, Xi; Dos Santos, Maria Alice; Jin, Jane Jiaying; Chu, Jie; and Lou, Shuxian 06982978 Cl. 370-392.
Jinda, Akihito: See--
Miyachi, Koichi; Jinda, Akihito; and Shiomi, Makoto 06982686 Cl. 345-73.
Jing, Gary Gang; Ulrich, Scott Douglas; Langlais, Timothy Edward; and Lin, Yi Q., to Seagate Technology LLC Predictive disc drive failure methodology 06982842 Cl. 360-31.
Jishage, Kou-ichi: See--
Inoue, Keizo; Arai, Hiroyuki; Arita, Makoto; Jishage, Kou-ichi; and Suzuki, Hiroshi 06982362 Cl. 800-18.
JNT Technical Services, Inc.: See--
Jorgensen, Glenn F. 06981524 Cl. 138-89.
Joh. Winklhofer & Sohne GmbH und Co. KG: See--
Grabmann, Peter 06981584 Cl. 198-853.
John, Varghese; Hom, Roy; and Tucker, John, to Elan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Substituted alcohols useful in treatment of Alzheimer's disease 06982264 Cl. 514-241.
John Wayne Cancer Institute: See--
Cabot, Myles C. 06982142 Cl. 435-4.
Johns, Clifford L.; and Sympson, Daniel D., to Tubemaster, Inc Device and method for use with chemical reactor tubes 06981404 Cl. 73-49.5.
Johnsen, Tyrone A.; to Hamilton Sundstrand Corporation Cooling of high speed electromagnetic rotor with fixed terminals 06982506 Cl. 310-61.
Johnson, Alan E.: See--
Grunnet-Jepsen, Anders; Johnson, Alan E.; and Sweetser, John N. 06983091 Cl. 385-37.
Johnson, Archna Kalra: See--
Sinha, Bipul; Jain, Namit; Ganesh, Amit; Johnson, Archna Kalra; and Vemuri, Srinivas 06983286 Cl. 707-102.
Johnson, Bruce R.; to CH2M Hill, Inc. Chemically enhanced primary sludge fermentation method 06982036 Cl. 210-607.
Johnson Controls Technology Company: See--
Bixby, Seth E. 06981730 Cl. 296-37.15.
Johnson, Curtis Alan: See--
Darolia, Ramgopal; Spitsberg, Irene; Boutwell, Brett Allen Rohrer; Gorman, Mark Daniel; Johnson, Curtis Alan; and Venkataramani, Venkat Subramaniam 06982126 Cl. 428-701.
Johnson, Curtis William; to Sierra Engineering Incorporated Supersonic revolving nozzle 06981365 Cl. 60-247.
Johnson, David; and Westerman, Russell, to Unaxis USA Inc. End point detection in time division multiplexed etch processes 06982175 Cl. 438-9.
Johnson, David A.; to Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. Calibration of printing devices 06982812 Cl. 358-1.9.
Johnson, George E.: See--
Donald, Hubbard H.; and Johnson, George E. 06982033 Cl. 210-207.
Johnson Matthey PLC: See--
Ward, Andrew M 06982067 Cl. 422-216.
Johnson, Nigel: See--
Navani, Girish; Cohn, Barry H.; Evans, Michael P.; Dietrich, Donald A.; Allen, Michael D.; Moore, Charles C.; Hakimattar, Linus; Doyle, Stephen J.; Bartel, Wayne C.; Johnson, Nigel; Zayadine, Khaled; Rosen, Ken; and Mahalec, Vladimir 06983186 Cl. 700-95.
Johnson, R. Patrick: See--
Atkinson, Leon; Jansen, Robert; Johnson, R. Patrick; Park, Ryan E.; and Thompson, Bruce H. 06981356 Cl. 53-412.
Johnson, Robert D.: See--
Gardner, Craig; Haass, Michael J.; Rowe, Robert K.; Jones, Howland; Strohl, Steven T.; Novak, Matthew J.; Abbink, Russell E.; Nuñez, David; Gruner, William; and Johnson, Robert D. 06983176 Cl. 600-310.
Johnson, Timothy J.; Waddell, Jr., Emanuel A.; Ross, David J.; and Locascio, Laurie E., to United States of America as represented by the Secretary of Commerce, The Surface charge modification within preformed polymer microchannels with multiple applications including modulating electroosmotic flow and creating microarrays 06982028 Cl. 204-454.
Johnston, Robert E.; Heise, Mark T.; and Simpson, Dennis, to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The Vectors derived from South African Arbovirus No. 86 06982087 Cl. 424-199.1.
Johs, Blaine D.: See--
Woollam, John A.; Green, Steven E.; He, Ping; Johs, Blaine D.; Herzinger, Craig M.; Pfeiffer, Galen L.; Guenther, Brian D.; and Liphardt, Martin M. 06982792 Cl. 356-369.
Jolley, Stephen C. Ski apparatus for transporting cargo 06981705 Cl. 280-7.12.
Jones, Anthony Patrick: See--
Anderson, Gregor John McLennan; Bonney, Stanley George; and Jones, Anthony Patrick 06981499 Cl. 128-200.23.
Jones, David Joseph; and Patriarche, Douglas Heath, to Tropic Networks Inc. Redundancy systems and methods in communications systems 06983294 Cl. 707-202.
Jones, Glenville: See--
Posner, Gary; Kahraman, Mehmet; Jeon, Heung Bae; White, Jay A.; Jones, Glenville; and Halford, Bethany 06982258 Cl. 514-167.
Jones, Howland: See--
Gardner, Craig; Haass, Michael J.; Rowe, Robert K.; Jones, Howland; Strohl, Steven T.; Novak, Matthew J.; Abbink, Russell E.; Nuñez, David; Gruner, William; and Johnson, Robert D. 06983176 Cl. 600-310.
Jones, Michael John: See--
Fairhurst, Matthew John; Jones, Michael John; Legvold, Vernon J.; and Vageline, Michael P. 06983397 Cl. 714-9.
Jones, Robert Earl: See--
Black, Damon Ray; Daglow, Terry; Erickson, John; Jones, Robert Earl; and Lauro, B. Reno 06981314 Cl. 29-825.
Jones, Robert Hughes: See--
Håheim, Svein; Jaques, Paul S.; Jones, Robert Hughes; and Wason, Will 06981550 Cl. 166-250.11.
Jones, Steven P.: See--
Venturino, Michael B.; Jones, Steven P.; Melius, Shannon K.; and Olmstead, Paul E. 06981297 Cl. 19-296.
Jones, Stuart Michael Ruan; and Bedford, David, to Reckitt Benckiser (UK) Limited Device for absorbing water vapor 06981337 Cl. 34-80.
Jones, Todd K.: See--
Collins, Mark A.; Mackner, Valerie A.; Wrobel, Jay E.; Zhi, Lin; Jones, Todd K.; Edwards, James P.; and Tegley, Christopher M. 06982261 Cl. 514-224.2.
Jonker, Rene T.: See--
Macfarlene, I. Ross; Cowan, Peter C.; Giles, David W.; Hirschbold, Markus F.; and Jonker, Rene T. 06983211 Cl. 702-61.
Joo, Jae-Hyun; and Kim, Wan-Don, to Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and manufacturing a semiconductor device having a metal-insulator-metal capacitor 06982205 Cl. 438-393.
Jorgensen, Glenn F.; to JNT Technical Services, Inc. Twist off drive for a tube plug 06981524 Cl. 138-89.
Jorgensen, Robert J.: See--
Mure, Cliff Robert; St. Jean, Guylaine; Jaker, Stephen Paul; Jorgensen, Robert J.; and Breetz, Karen 06982304 Cl. 526-106.
Jorgensen, Robert James: See--
Wagner, Burkhard Eric; and Jorgensen, Robert James 06982237 Cl. 502-125.
Joshi-Hangal, Rajashree; Zhang, Xichen; Gong, Stephanie; Redkar, Sanjeev; and Gore, Ashok Y., to SuperGen, Inc. Liquid formulation of decitabine and use of the same 06982253 Cl. 514-49.
Josien, Hubert: See--
Curran, Dennis P.; Josien, Hubert; and Ko, Sung Bo 06982333 Cl. 546-14.
Jost, Mark E.; and Hill, Chris W., to Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of etching a contact opening over a node location on a semiconductor substrate 06982228 Cl. 438-738.
Jou, William: See--
McCormick, James J.; Jou, William; Anthony, David; and Isagholian, David 06981502 Cl. 128-206.29.
Jou, Yu-Cheun: See--
Tiedemann, Jr., Edward G.; Terasawa, Daisuke; Sarkar, Sandip; Jou, Yu-Cheun; and Odenwalder, Joseph P. 06982971 Cl. 370-333.
Joung, II-Kweon; to Samsung Electro-Mechanics Co., Ltd. Method of compensating for seek errors of pickup assembly 06982936 Cl. 369-30.22.
Joung, Tae-Yeol; to Daemyung Engineering Co., Ltd. Exhaust valve for semiconductor manufacturing process 06981521 Cl. 137-625.47.
Joyce, Shawn D.: See--
Drummond, Jay Paul; Blackson, Dale; Chen, Lilei; Cichon, Bob A.; Covert, Mark S.; Lepper, Bradrick Q.; Moales, Mark A.; Smith, Mark D.; Lemley, Robert J.; Califf, Jr., Michael E.; Joyce, Shawn D.; Moore, Phillip S.; and Swingler, Steven C. 06983256 Cl. 705-35.
JSR Corporation: See--
Kanae, Kentarou; Hayakawa, Toshiyuki; Tanaka, Minoru; and Morikawa, Akihiko 06982302 Cl. 525-329.5.
Ju, In-don: See--
Lee, Byeong-chang; and Ju, In-don 06983053 Cl. 381-99.
Judd, Mano D.: See--
Hoppenstein, Russell; Thomas, Mike; and Judd, Mano D. 06983174 Cl. 455-562.1.
Jung, Günther: See--
Rudolph, Joachim; Jung, Günther; and Thern, Bernd 06982315 Cl. 530-333.
Jung, Won-chang: See--
Lee, Yun-sang; and Jung, Won-chang 06982917 Cl. 365-222.
Juniper Networks, Inc.: See--
Asahina, Hiroshi 06982963 Cl. 370-310.
Stark, David 06983235 Cl. 703-19.
Junnarkar, Mahesh: See--
Fardi, Behzad; Adibi, Farshid; Li, Chaoyang; Bandyopadhyay, Anirban; and Junnarkar, Mahesh 06983086 Cl. 385-14.
Junqua, Jean-Claude; Kuhn, Roland; Contolini, Matteo; and Chengalvarayan, Rathinavelu, to Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus for improved speech recognition with supplementary information 06983244 Cl. 704-231.