CPC H10K 85/346 (2023.02) [C07F 15/0086 (2013.01); C09K 11/06 (2013.01); C07B 2200/05 (2013.01); C09K 2211/1044 (2013.01); C09K 2211/185 (2013.01); H10K 50/11 (2023.02); H10K 50/15 (2023.02); H10K 50/16 (2023.02); H10K 50/17 (2023.02); H10K 50/171 (2023.02); H10K 50/18 (2023.02)] | 20 Claims |
1. An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1:
![]() wherein, in Formula 1-1,
M is a transition metal,
X1 is O, S, or N(R′″),
a bond between X1 and M is a covalent bond,
X2 to X4 and Y1 are each independently C or N,
one bond of a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M is a covalent bond, while the remaining bonds are each a coordinate bond,
X51 is O, S, N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], C(R7)(R8), Si(R7)(R8), Ge(R7)(R8), or C(═O),
Z11 is N or C-[(L11)b11-(T11)c11], Z12 is N or C-[(L12)b12-(T12)c12], Z13 is N or C-[(L13)b13-(T13)c13], and Z14 is N or C-[(L14)b14-(T14)c14],
Z21 is N or C-[(L21)b21-(T21)c21], Z22 is N or C-[(L22)b22-(T22)c22], and Z23 is N or C-[(L23)b23-(T23)c23],
Z31 is N or C-[(L31)b31-(T31)c31], Z32 is N or C-[(L32)b32-(T32)c32], and Z33 is N or C-[(L33)b33-(T33)c33],
Z41 is N or C-[(L41)b41-(T41)c41], Z42 is N or C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Z43 is N or C-[(L43)b43-(T43)c43], and Z44 is N or C-[(L44)b44-(T44)c44],
L7, L11 to L14, L21 to L23, L31 to L33 and L41 to L44 are each independently a single bond, a C1-C10 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C5-C30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
b7, b11 to b14, b21 to b23, b31 to b33 and b41 to b44 are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
R′″, R7, R8, T11 to T14, T21 to T23, T31 to T33 and T41 to T44 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q1)(Q2), —Si(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —Ge(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —B(Q6)(Q7), —P(═O)(Q8)(Q9), or —P(Q8)(Q9),
c7, c11 to c14, c21 to c23, c31 to c33 and c41 to c44 are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
wherein, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 satisfies:
1) Condition 11,
2) Condition 12,
3) Condition 13,
4) Condition 11 and Condition 13, or
5) Condition 12 and Condition 13,
provided then when the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 satisfies 1), 3) or 4), then i) ΔST of the organometallic compound is in a range of about 0.1 electron volts (eV) to about 0.2 eV, and ΔST indicates an energy gap between a singlet (S1) energy level and a triplet (T1) energy level of the organometallic compound, ii) a horizontal orientation ratio of the organometallic compound is in a range of about 85 percent (%) to about 95%, iii) a sublimation temperature of the organometallic compound is in a range of about 200° C. to about 350° C., or a combination thereof,
Z42 in Formula 1-1 is C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Condition 11
T42 is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, and
c42 is 1,
Z42 in Formula 1-1 is C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Condition 12
T42 is a group represented by Formula 41, and
c42 is 1:
*—C(Q41)(Q42)(Q43) Formula 41
wherein in Formula 41,
Q41 to Q43 are each independently deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
at least one of Q41 to Q43 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, and
* indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom,
X51 in Formula 1-1 is N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], Condition 13
L7 is a benzene group, or a naphthalene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, and
c7 is 1,
each of i) at least two of T11 to T14, ii) at least two of T21 to T23, iii) at least two of T31 to T33, iv) at least two of T41 to T44 and v) at least two of T11 to T14, T21 to T23, T31 to T33, and T41 to T44 are optionally bound to each other to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
R10a is understood by referring to the description of T11 provided herein,
a substituent of the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is:
deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group;
a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q11)(Q12), —Si(Q13)(Q14)(Q15), —Ge(Q13)(Q14)(Q15), —B(Q16)(Q17), —P(═O)(Q18)(Q19), —P(Q18)(Q19), or any combination thereof;
a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q21)(Q22), —Si(Q23)(Q24)(Q25), —Ge(Q23)(Q24)(Q25), —B(Q26)(Q27), —P(═O)(Q28)(Q29), —P(Q28)(Q29), or any combination thereof;
—N(Q31)(Q32), —Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), —Ge(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), —B(Q36)(Q37), —P(═O)(Q38)(Q39), or —P(Q38)(Q39); or
any combination thereof,
wherein Q1 to Q9, Q11 to Q19, Q21 to Q29, and Q31 to Q39 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof; a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group; a C1-C60 alkoxy group; a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group; a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group; a C6-C60 aryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C6-C60 aryloxy group; a C6-C60 arylthio group; a C1-C60 heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
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18. An organic light-emitting device comprising,
a first electrode;
a second electrode; and
an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer,
wherein the emission layer comprises an organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1:
![]() wherein, in Formula 1-1,
M is a transition metal,
X1 is O, S, or N(R′″),
a bond between X1 and M is a covalent bond,
X2 to X4 are Y1 are each independently C or N,
one bond of a bond between X2 and M, a bond between X3 and M, and a bond between X4 and M is a covalent bond, while the remaining bonds are each a coordinate bond,
X51 is O, S, N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], C(R7)(R8), Si(R7)(R8), Ge(R7)(R8), or C(═O),
Z11 is N or C-[(L11)b11-(T11)c11], Z12 is N or C-[(L12)b12-(T12)c12], Z13 is N or C-[(L13)b13-(T13)c13], and Z14 is N or C-[(L14)b14-(T14)c14],
Z21 is N or C-[(L21)b21-(T21)c21], Z22 is N or C-[(L22)b22-(T22)c22], and Z23 is N or C-[(L23)b23-(T23)c23],
Z31 is N or C-[(L31)b31-(T31)c31], Z32 is N or C-[(L32)b32-(T32)c32], and Z33 is N or C-[(L33)b33-(T33)c33],
Z41 is N or C-[(L41)b41-(T41)c41], Z42 is N or C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Z43 is N or C-[(L43)b43-(T43)c43], and Z44 is N or C-[(L44)b44-(T44)c44],
L7, L11 to L14, L21 to L23, L31 to L33 and L41 to L44 are each independently a single bond, a C1-C10 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, a C5-C30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a, or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
b7, b11 to b14, b21 to b23, b31 to b33 and b41 to b44 are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
R′″, R7, R8, T11 to T14, T21 to T23, T31 to T33 and T41 to T44 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —SF5, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q1)(Q2), —Si(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —Ge(Q3)(Q4)(Q5), —B(Q6)(Q7), —P(═O)(Q8)(Q9), or —P(Q8)(Q9),
c7, c11 to c14, c21 to c23, c31 to c33 and c41 to c44 are each independently 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,
wherein, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1-1 satisfies,
1) one of Condition 11, Condition 12 and Condition 13,
2) Condition 11 and Condition 13, or
3) Condition 12 and Condition 13,
Z42 in Formula 1-1 is C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Condition 11
T42 is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, and
c42 is 1,
Z42 in Formula 1-1 is C-[(L42)b42-(T42)c42], Condition 12
T42 is a group represented by Formula 41, and
c42 is 1,
*—C(Q41)(Q42)(Q43) Formula 41
wherein in Formula 41,
Q41 to Q43 are each independently deuterium, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
at least one of Q41 to Q43 are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted C2-C60 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C6-C60 aryl group, and
* indicates a binding site to an adjacent atom,
X51 in Formula 1-1 is N-[(L7)b7-(R7)c7], Condition 13
L7 is a benzene group, or a naphthalene group, each unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
R7 is a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, and
c7 is 1,
each of i) at least two of T11 to T14, ii) at least two of T21 to T23, iii) at least two of T31 to T33, iv) at least two of T41 to T44 and v) at least two of T11 to T14, T21 to T23, T31 to T33, and T41 to T44 are optionally bound to each other to form a C5-C30 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R10a,
R10a may be understood by referring to the description of T11 provided herein,
a substituent of the substituted C1-C60 alkyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkenyl group, the substituted C2-C60 alkynyl group, the substituted C1-C60 alkoxy group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryl group, the substituted C6-C60 aryloxy group, the substituted C6-C60 arylthio group, the substituted C1-C60 heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is
deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group,
a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, or a C1-C60 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q11)(Q12), —Si(Q13)(Q14)(Q15), —Ge(Q13)(Q14)(Q15), —B(Q16)(Q17), —P(═O)(Q18)(Q19), —P(Q18)(Q19), or any combination thereof,
a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD3, —CD2H, —CDH2, —CF3, —CF2H, —CFH2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C2-C60 alkenyl group, a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C6 alkoxy group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group, a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, a C6-C60 aryloxy group, a C6-C60 arylthio group, a C1-C60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —N(Q21)(Q22), —Si(Q23)(Q24)(Q25), —Ge(Q23)(Q24)(Q25), —B(Q26)(Q27), —P(═O)(Q28)(Q29), —P(Q28)(Q29), or any combination thereof;
—N(Q31)(Q32), —Si(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), —Ge(Q33)(Q34)(Q35), —B(Q36)(Q37), —P(═O)(Q38)(Q39), or —P(Q38)(Q39); or
any combination thereof,
wherein Q1 to Q9, Q11 to Q19, Q21 to Q29, and Q31 to Q39 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; an amidino group; a hydrazine group; a hydrazone group; a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof; a phosphoric acid group or a salt thereof; a C1-C60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or any combination thereof, a C2-C60 alkenyl group; a C2-C60 alkynyl group, a C1-C60 alkoxy group; a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkenyl group; a C1-C10 heterocycloalkenyl group; a C6-C60 aryl group unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C1-C60 alkyl group, a C6-C60 aryl group, or any combination thereof; a C6-C60 aryloxy group; a C6-C60 arylthio group; a C1-C60 heteroaryl group; a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group; or a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,
wherein the emission layer comprises a host in an amount greater than an amount of the organometallic compound, and
wherein the host comprises an electron transporting host and a hole transporting host, and the electron transporting host is different from the hole transporting host.
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